A prospective study of venous hemodynamics and quality of live at least five years after varicose vein stripping.

PURPOSE: To assess venous hemodynamics and quality of life at lest five years after varicose vein stripping. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with 39 patients (63 limbs) with primary lower limbs varicose veins. Preoperatively, all patients were subjected to clinical evaluation, duplex ultrassound, air plethysmography (APG), and CIVIQ questionnaire of quality of life. By APG, venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were determined. CIVIQ addresses four domains in course of 20 questions, including states of physical, social, and psychological well-being, and pain level. Varicose veins were treated by standard venous stripping. At least five years after surgery (77.9 ± 10.9 months), patients were reassessed and had clinical examination, duplex ultrasound, APG, and CIVIQ repeated. No late follow-up data was available for 24 patients. RESULTS: Preoperative and late postoperative VFI levels were similar, whereas EF (P=0.05) and RVF (P=0.01), as hemodynamic variables, significantly improved following surgery. In the late postoperative period, overall CIVIQ scores were significantly lower (P=0.005), as were scores in all four domains: pain (P=0.001), physical (P=0.007), social (P=0.008), and psychological (P= 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a small prospective cohort, improvements in venous hemodynamics and in quality of life of patients submitted to standard varicose veins stripping were maintained five years after the procedure.

A prospective study of venous hemodynamics and quality of live at least five years after varicose vein stripping

PURPOSE: To assess venous hemodynamics and quality of life at lest five years after varicose vein stripping. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with 39 patients (63 limbs) with primary lower limbs varicose veins. Preoperatively, all patients were subjected to clinical evaluation, duplex ultrassound, air plethysmography (APG), and CIVIQ questionnaire of quality of life. By APG, venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were determined. CIVIQ addresses four domains in course of 20 questions, including states of physical, social, and psychological well-being, and pain level. Varicose veins were treated by standard venous stripping. At least five years after surgery (77.9 ± 10.9 months), patients were reassessed and had clinical examination, duplex ultrasound, APG, and CIVIQ repeated. No late follow-up data was available for 24 patients. RESULTS: Preoperative and late postoperative VFI levels were similar, whereas EF (P=0.05) and RVF (P=0.01), as hemodynamic variables, significantly improved following surgery. In the late postoperative period, overall CIVIQ scores were significantly lower (P=0.005), as were scores in all four domains: pain (P=0.001), physical (P=0.007), social (P=0.008), and psychological (P= 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a small prospective cohort, improvements in venous hemodynamics and in quality of life of patients submitted to standard varicose veins stripping were maintained five years after the procedure.

Influence of high-heeled shoes on venous function in young women.

BACKGROUND: Walking with high-heeled shoes is a common cause of venous complaints such as pain, fatigue, and heavy-feeling legs. The aim of the study was to clarify the influence of high-heeled shoes on the venous return and test the hypothesis that women wearing different styles of high-heeled shoes present an impaired venous return when compared with their values when they are barefoot. METHODS: Thirty asymptomatic women (mean age, 26.4 years) wearing appropriately sized shoes were evaluated by air plethysmography (APG), a test that measures changes in air volume on a cuff placed on the calf, while they performed orthostatic flexion and extension foot movements and altered standing up and lying down. The test was repeated in four situations: barefoot (0 cm), medium heels (3.5 cm), stiletto high heels (7 cm), and platform high heels (7 cm). The APG values of venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were divided into four groups according to heel height and compared by repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: RVF was increased in the groups wearing high heels (stiletto and platform) compared with the barefoot group (P < .05). RVF was increased in the medium-heel group (3.5 cm) compared with the barefoot group (P < .05), and despite the lack of statistical significance, the medium-heel group showed lower values of RVF compared with the two high-heel groups. The EF parameter followed the opposite tendency, showing higher values for the barefoot group compared with the other three groups (P < .05). Values for VFI were similar in the three situations evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: High heels reduce muscle pump function, as demonstrated by reduced EF and increased RVF values. The continuous use of high heels tends to provoke venous hypertension in the lower limbs and may represent a causal factor of venous disease symptoms.

Endovascular treatment for acute aortic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The term "acute aortic syndrome" (AAS) includes conditions of high mortality, such as ruptured aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm and, aortic dissection. Open surgery for these cases has demonstrated unsatisfactory results, and endovascular treatment has become an excellent alternative. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients with AAS who underwent endovascular treatment in our emergency department from July 2009 to February 2011. They represent 64% (16 of 25) of all patients with AAS seen during this period. RESULTS: Sixteen patients underwent endovascular treatment: eight ruptured aneurysms, six aortic dissections, one nonruptured painful aneurysm, and one pseudoaneurysm. No intramural hematoma or penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer was found. The mean age was 64.3 years, and arterial hypertension (100%) and smoking (64.7%) were the major comorbidities. Technical success rate was 93%, and overall 30-day mortality was 6.25%. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment for AAS was feasible. Technical success, 30-day mortality, hospital stay, and procedure time were similar to those of the other series reported in the literature, and the endovascular approach has became the main technique for AAS in our hospital.

Correlation between the hemodynamic gain obtained after operation of primary varicose veins and chronic venous disease classification.

CONTEXT: Previous studies have demonstrated improvement of venous hemodynamics after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower extremities using air plethysmography (APG). PURPOSE: To correlate the venous hemodynamics obtained by APG with the CEAP classification after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. METHODS: We studied 63 limbs of 39 patients (35 women and 4 men) aged on average 46.3 years, operated upon at the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, during the period from January 2001 to December 2004. The 63 limbs were divided into the three following groups according to CEAP classification: group C2 + C3 (38 limbs), group C4 (15 limbs) and group C5 + C6 (10 limbs). The patients were evaluated clinically before and 30 to 40 days after surgery by preoperative duplex ultrasonography and pre- and postoperative APG. RESULTS: There was an apparent hemodynamic improvement after surgical treatment of the varicose veins in the two groups of lower severity, but the improvement was significant in the most severe group based on venous filling index. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment was beneficial for all three groups, but the greatest hemodynamic gain was observed in the group of highest clinical severity (group C5 + C6).

Inflammatory markers and restenosis in peripheral percutaneous angioplasty with intravascular stenting: current concepts.

In this article, we review the current status of inflammation linked to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation, especially as it relates to restenosis and its clinical implications. Common to multiple vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, interventional restenosis is a localized inflammatory reaction. Activated smooth muscle cells respond to local inflammation and migrate from the media into the lumen of the vessel, where they proliferate and synthesize cytokines which they respond to in an autocrine manner, sustaining the progression of the lesion. The deleterious effects of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly immunomodulatory interleukins, on vascular pathophysiology and development of these maladaptive processes have been the subject of intense study. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases are important in many physiologic and pathologic processes and their expression is related with the classic cardiovascular risk factors as well as with inflammation. They seem to play a central role in atherosclerosis and restenosis. The primary use of drug-eluting stents has become routine clinical practice for coronary artery disease, but the use in peripheral arteries remains to be further studied, like that demonstrated in sirolimus-coated Cordis trials. New studies to understand this complex process in peripheral arteries are warranted.

Laparotomia / Laparotomy

Celiotomia, que significa precisamente incisão da parede abdominal em qualquer região, é considerado sinônimo de laparotomia, cuja acepção exata é "secção do flanco". A abertura da cavidade abdominal para fins diagnósticos e terapêuticos remonta a antiguidade, mas tornou-se rotineira a partir dos meados do século XX com o advento da anestesia geral, utilizando drogas curarizantes e entubação orotraqueal. Serão discutidos a classificação das laparotomias quanto a finalidade, direção, a complexidade e a relação com estruturas da parede abdominal.

Celiotomy, which precisely means incision of any region of the abdominal wall, is considered a synonym of laparotomy, whose exact definition is 'section of the flank'. Opening of the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes dates back to ancient times, but it became a routine procedure in the midtwentieth century with the advent of general anesthesia, by means of curaric agents and orotracheal intubation. We will discuss the classification of laparotomies according to their purposes, direction, complexity, and relation with abdominal wall structures.

Instrumental cirúrgico / Surgical instrumentation

Para a execução de cada uma das etapas do procedimento cirúrgico utilizam-se instrumentos distintos e são necessários ordem e método para permitir ao cirurgião executar o procedimento com precisão e rapidez. Para isso, o instrumental cirúrgico deve ser listado e preparado com antecedência, de acordo com o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada e preferência do cirurgião.

Distinct instruments are employed during the accomplishment of each of the stages of a surgical procedure. For the surgeon to perform the procedure accurately and efficiently, order and method are mandatory. To this end, surgical instruments should be listed and prepared well in advance, according to the surgery type and the surgeon's preferences.

Correlation between the hemodynamic gain obtained after operation of primary varicose veins and chronic venous disease classification / Correlação entre o ganho hemodinâmico obtido após a operação de varizes dos membros inferiores e a classificação da doença venosa crônica

CONTEXT: Previous studies have demonstrated improvement of venous hemodynamics after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower extremities using air plethysmography (APG). PURPOSE: To correlate the venous hemodynamics obtained by APG with the CEAP classification after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. METHODS: We studied 63 limbs of 39 patients (35 women and 4 men) aged on average 46.3 years, operated upon at the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, during the period from January 2001 to December 2004. The 63 limbs were divided into the three following groups according to CEAP classification: group C2 + C3 (38 limbs), group C4 (15 limbs) and group C5 + C6 (10 limbs). The patients were evaluated clinically before and 30 to 40 days after surgery by preoperative duplex ultrasonography and pre- and postoperative APG. RESULTS: There was an apparent hemodynamic improvement after surgical treatment of the varicose veins in the two groups of lower severity, but the improvement was significant in the most severe group based on venous filling index. CONCLUSION : Surgical treatment was beneficial for all three groups, but the greatest hemodynamic gain was observed in the group of highest clinical severity (group C5 + C6).

CONTEXTO: Estudos prévios tem demonstrado a melhora da hemodinâmica venosa após o tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores utilizando a pletismografia a ar (PGA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a hemodinâmica venosa obtida pela PGA com a classificação CEAP após tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e 4 homens), com idade média igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os 63 membros inferiores foram subdivididos em três grupos de acordo com a classificação CEAP, adotando-se o critério lesão de pele como referência, sendo: grupo C2 + C3 (38 membros) grupo C4 (15 membros) e grupo C5 + C6 (10 membros). Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente pré e pós-operatório (30 a 40 dias após), mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e PGA pré e pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Houve aparente melhora hemodinâmica após tratamento cirúrgico de varizes nos dois grupos de menor gravidade, mas foi significativa no de maior gravidade com base no índice de enchimento venoso. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico beneficiou os três grupos, mas o maior ganho hemodinâmico foi observado no grupo de gravidade clínica maior (grupo C5 + C6).

Estudo da hemodinâmica venosa por meio da pletismografia a ar no pré e pós-operatório de varizes dos membros inferiores / Venous hemodynamic study by air plethysmography in the pre- and postoperative period of lower limb varicose veins

Contexto: O tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores deve proporcionar alívio da estase venosa, a fim de evitar a evolução da doença venosa para estágios de maior gravidade clínica. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da hemodinâmica venosa em pacientes portadores de varizes primárias dos membros inferiores no pré e pós-operatório, utilizando a pletismografia a ar. Método: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e quatro homens), com média de idade igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os membros inferiores foram classificados de acordo com a classificação CEAP, em critério clínico = C2 a C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 e C6 = 3), critério etiológico = Ep, critério anatômico = As e critério fisiopatológico = Pr. Os pacientes foram avaliados por exame clínico pré e pós-operatório, mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e pletismografia a ar pré e pós-operatória. Resultados: Houve melhora da hemodinâmica venosa no pós-operatório, demonstrada pela diminuição do índice de enchimento venoso e da fração de volume residual e aumento da fração de ejeção nos membros inferiores submetidos à operação de varizes. Conclusão: A operação venosa superficial aliviou a estase venosa e proporcionou adequado tratamento, com o objetivo de interromper a evolução fisiopatológica da doença venosa crônica, em qualquer nível de gravidade clínica.

Background: Surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower limbs might contribute to venous stasis relief by preventing evolution of the venous disease to worse severity stages. Objective: To study venous hemodynamic changes in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs during the pre- and postoperative period using air plethysmography. Method: Sixty-three lower limbs of 39 patients (35 females and four males, mean age of 46.3 years) were evaluated. They were all operated at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, between January 2001 and December 2004. Lower limbs were classified according to the CEAP classification: clinical criteria = C2 to C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 and C6 = 3), etiologic criteria = Ep, anatomic criteria = As, and pathophysiological criteria = Pr. The patients were submitted to pre- and postoperative clinical examination, preoperative duplex scan and pre- and postoperative air plethysmography. Results: Improvement in venous hemodynamics was observed after surgery, confirmed by reduction in the venous filling index and residual volume fraction and increase in the ejection fraction in the lower limbs submitted to varicose vein surgery. Conclusion: Superficial varicose vein stripping contributed to venous stasis relief and provided appropriate treatment, preventing pathophysiological evolution of chronic venous disease independently of clinical severity.

Morphological aspects of mural thrombi deposition residual lumen route in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms.

PURPOSE: To assess the most frequent deposition site of mural thrombi in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms, as well as the route of the residual lumen. METHODS: Assessment of CT scan images from 100 patients presenting asymptomatic abdominal aorta aneurism, and followed at HC-FMRP-USP. RESULTS: In 53% of the cases the mural thrombus was deposited on the anterior wall; from these, in 22%, the residual lumen described a predominantly right sided route; in 22%, a left sided route; on the mid line in 5%; and crossing over the mid line in 1%. In 23%, the deposition of thrombi was concentric. In 11% it occurred on the posterior wall; from these, in 5%, the route of the residual anterior lumen was predominantly right sided; in 5%, left sided; and crossed over the mid line in 1%. In 13% complex morphological deposition patterns were found. CONCLUSION: Mural thrombi formation was predominantly found on the anterior wall of the aneurismatic mass, with the route of the residual lumen projecting towards the posterior wall.

Assepsia e antissepsia: técnicas de esterilização / Asepsy and antisepsy: technics of sterilization

Por ser o hospital um ambiente insalubre, as técnicas de assepsia, anti-sepsia e de esterilização são de extrema importância para reduzir os riscos de infecção. São apresentados os principais anti-sépticos e técnicas de esterilização.

The hospital is considered a virtual place for contamination. The technics of asepsis or antisepsis and sterilization are of extreme importance to reduce the risks of infection. In this work the main antiseptics and technics of sterilization are presented.

Biologia da ferida e cicatrização / Wound biology and healing

O conhecimento dos complexos eventos fisiológicos da cicatrização da ferida é de grande importância para o cirurgião. A reparação das feridas é apresentada em suas etapas inflamatória, proliferativa e de maturação.

A profound knowledge about the complex physiological processes underlying the cicatrization of wounds is crucial for any surgeon. Here, the following stages of wound regenerationare emphasized: inflammation, proliferation, and maturation.

Morphological aspects of mural thrombi deposition residual lumen route in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms / Morfologia da deposição de trombos murais: trajeto da luz residual em aneurismas de aorta abdominal infra-renal

PURPOSE: To assess the most frequent deposition site of mural thrombi in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms, as well as the route of the residual lumen. METHODS: Assessment of CT scan images from 100 patients presenting asymptomatic abdominal aorta aneurism, and followed at HC-FMRP-USP. RESULTS: In 53 percent of the cases the mural thrombus was deposited on the anterior wall; from these, in 22 percent, the residual lumen described a predominantly right sided route; in 22 percent, a left sided route; on the mid line in 5 percent; and crossing over the mid line in 1 percent. In 23 percent, the deposition of thrombi was concentric. In 11 percent it occured on the posterior wall; from these, in 5 percent, the route of the residual anterior lumen was predominantly right sided; in 5 percent, left sided; and crossed over the mid line in 1 percent. In 13 percent complex morfological deposition patterns were found. CONCLUSION: Mural thrombi formation was predominantly found on the anterior wall of the aneurismatic mass, with the route of the residual lumen projecting towards the posterior wall.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o local mais freqüente de deposição do trombo mural em aneurismas de aorta abdominal infrarenal, bem como o trajeto da luz residual. MÉTODOS: Avaliação de tomografias de 100 pacientes do HC-FMRP-USP apresentando aneurisma de aorta abdominal assintomático. RESULTADOS: O trombo mural se deposita na parede anterior em 53 por cento dos casos, sendo que a luz residual posterior descreveu um trajeto predominantemente à direita em 22 por cento dos casos, à esquerda em 22 por cento, na linha mediana em 5 por cento e cruzando da direita para a esquerda em 4 por cento. 23 por cento dos casos apresentaram deposição concêntrica do trombo e 11 por cento apresentaram deposição na parede posterior, sendo o trajeto da luz residual anterior predominante a direita em 5 por cento dos casos, a esquerda em 5 por cento e cruzando a linha mediana em 1 por cento. Padrões morfológicos complexos de deposição do trombo foram encontrados em 13 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A formação do trombo mural predominou na parede anterior da massa aneurismática, com o trajeto da luz residual se projetando para a parede posterior.

Influência da altura do salto de sapatos na função venosa da mulher jovem / Influence of shoe heel height on venous function in young women / Influence of shoe heel height on venous function in young women

CONTEXTO: A influência da altura do salto de sapatos na função venosa é ainda assunto controverso na literatura mundial. A importância da ergonomia na qualidade de vida é um fator consagrado e situações que a prejudiquem como permanência prolongada na posição supina, qualidade dos calçados e condições do local de trabalho podem interferir na saúde do indivíduo. OBJETIVO: Estudar a influência da altura do salto do sapato na drenagem venosa dos membros inferiores, utilizando-se a pletismografia a ar (PGA). MÉTODO: Quinze mulheres, com idade média de 24,6 anos, assintomáticas, utilizando calçados de tamanhos apropriados, foram examinadas em três momentos: descalças (0 cm), salto médio (3,5 cm) e alto (7 cm). Apresentavam índice de massa corporal < 25 e foram classificadas de acordo com a Classificação Internacional CEAP, em critérios: clínico (C0 ou C1), etiológico (Ep), anatômico (As) e fisiopatológico (Pr). Os valores do índice de enchimento venoso (IEV), da fração de ejeção (FE) e da fração de volume residual (FVR) foram separados em três categorias pela altura do salto e comparados entre si, utilizando-se a análise de variância para médias repetidas (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Houve diminuição da FE e aumento da FVR no grupo de salto alto em relação ao grupo descalço (p < 0,005). Não ocorreu diferença desses parâmetros entre o grupo de salto médio e os outros grupos. O IEV comportou-se de maneira semelhante nas três situações avaliadas. CONCLUSÃO: O salto alto diminui a função de bomba muscular demonstrado pela queda da FE e aumento da FVR, podendo, com o seu uso contínuo, provocar hipertensão venosa nos membros inferiores, o que poderia ser preditivo de sintomatologia na doença venosa.

BACKGROUND: The influence of shoe heel height on venous function is still a controversial subject in the international literature. The importance of ergonomics for quality of life is a universally accepted factor, and situations that impair it, such as prolonged permanence in the supine position, shoe quality and workplace conditions may interfere with the individual"s health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of shoe heel height on lower limb venous drainage using air plethysmography. METHOD: Fifteen asymptomatic women with mean age of 24.6 years, wearing shoes of appropriate size were examined in three different situations: barefoot (0 cm), medium heels (3.5 cm) and high heels (7 cm). Body mass index was < 25 and the subjects were classified according to the CEAP International Classification based on clinical (C0 or C1), etiologic (Ep), anatomic (As) and physiopathological (Pr) criteria. The values of venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF) and residual volume fraction (RVF) were divided into three categories according to heel height and compared to one another by repeated means analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: EF was decreased and RVF was increased in the high heel group compared to the barefoot group (p < 0.005). These parameters did not differ between the medium heel group and the other groups. VFI showed a similar behavior in the three situations evaluated. CONCLUSION: High heels reduce muscle pump function, as demonstrated by the fall in EF and increase in RVF, and their continued use may provoke venous hypertension in the lower limbs, possibly representing a predictive factor of venous disease symptoms.

Hipertensão e doença arterial periférica / Hypertension and peripheral arterial disease

Considera-se a hipertensão arterial o fator mais potente no desenvolvimento da doença aterosclerótica, embora outros fatores de risco não menos importantes concorram na etiopatogenia dessa doença. O tabagismo, o diabetes melito e a hiperlipidemia apresentam grande impacto na evolução, particularmente na doença aterosclerótica periférica. Esta se apresenta sob a forma de lesões estenóticas ou oclusivas das artérias das extremidades. Ela pode manter-se por longo tempo silenciosa graças a diferentes mecanismos de suprimento e habitualmente acomete outros territórios ao mesmo tempo (doença coronária e cerebrovascular). Discutem-se ainda, nesta revisão, os aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos da doença arterial periférica. Apesar de a importância da terapêutica da doença estar relacionada ao controle dos fatores de risco, observou-se nos últimos anos um grande progresso. As técnicas cirúrgicas de revascularização tomaram-se muito mais seguras. Por outro lado, surgiram novas técnicas de revascularização endovascular que não concorrem com as técnicas cirúrgicas, mas se complementam, permitindo estender as indicações a um maior número de pacientes.

Mecanismos celulares e moleculares da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão de músculo esquelético / Cellular and molecular mechanisms in skeletall muscle ischemia - reperfusion inijury

Existem muitas situações clinicas em que os membros são submetidos à isquemia,como nas oclusões arteriais agudas, nos enxertos livres, reimplantes de membros eclampeamentos vasculares. As lesões causadas pela isquemia, paradoxalmente,agravam-se com a reperfusão, tendo como conseqüência a síndrome de reperfusão. Todos os tecidos das extremidades sofrem com a isquemia e dentre eles omúsculo esquelético, por ser um dos componentes mais importantes, será abordado nesta revisão com maior destaque. Vários mecanismos celulares e moleculares participam desta seqüência de eventos deletérios. O objetivo desta revisão de abordar os aspectos fisiopatológicos atuais da lesões causadas pela isquemia de músculo esquelético seguido de reperfusão, dando ênfase às alterações do metabolismo celular, função endotelial, liberação de citocinas e atividade inflamatória. Serão também mencionadas algumas estratégias de intervenções farmacológicaspara controle das lesões promovidas pela isquemia e reperfusão...

Hidratação e equilíbrio ácido-base em pacientes cirúrgicos

Estudou-se a influência da hidratação em 30 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de pequeno e grande porte. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos de 5 conforme o porte cirúrgico e o tipo de hidratação: restrição hídrica, segundo o balanço diário e sobrecarga hidrossalina. As alterações mais relevantes do equilíbrio ácido base foram: pré-operatório - alcalose respiratória; pós-operatório imediato - acidose respiratória; 1º, 2º e 3º dias de pós-operatório - alcalose respiratória, metabólica ou mista. Os métodos de hidratação com restrição hídrica ou segundo o balanço não afetaram o equilíbrio ácido-base, enquanto que a sobrecarga hidrossalina reduziu de modo significativo a incidência de alcalose metabólica no pós-operatório.

Antígeno MIB-1 em nefroblastomas

Foram estudados 35 pacientes tratados com nefrectomia radical e quimioterapia, em 17 (48,5%) dos quais se associou também a radioterapia. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 38± 29 meses e o tempo de seguimento pós-operatório de 69± 66 meses. Óbito pela neoplasia ocorreu em 5 pacientes, todos com histologia favorável. As peças conservadas em formol ou blocos de parafina para imunhistoquímica com anticorpo MIB-1, método da avidina-biotina-peroxidase. Em 13/35 (37,1%) dos tumores a marcação para o MIB-1 foi positiva. As proporções respectivas de marcação para blastema, epitélio e estroma foram: 34,6%, 18,7% e 0%. Não houve diferença estatística entre a marcação imunohistoquímica e com o tipo histológico, estádio e sobrevida dos pacientes.